Gender bias refers to the unfair favoring of one gender over another, often resulting in unequal treatment and opportunities. This type of bias may be either deliberate (conscious) or unintentional (unconscious), and it can appear in both obvious and subtle forms across various aspects of life.

In the workplace, gender bias typically shows up in disparities related to hiring, promotions, salaries, benefits, and expectations. For example, an employee might be overlooked for advancement simply because of their gender, or a group might receive fewer resources or recognition based on ingrained assumptions. Such discrimination is not only unethical but is also illegal in many countries, with anti-discrimination laws in place to protect individuals against gender-based unfairness.

Although gender bias can affect anyone, it most commonly favors men or boys over women or girls, especially in professional, educational, and social settings. It stems from stereotypical ideas about gender roles, such as beliefs that men are more competent leaders or that women are better suited for caregiving roles.

One of the harmful effects of gender bias is that it encourages people to make assumptions about others’ capabilities, preferences, or behaviors solely based on gender. These judgments can limit individual potential and reinforce inequality.

In schools, for instance, students who don’t conform to typical gender norms—such as boys showing emotion or girls excelling in STEM subjects—may face misunderstanding or mistreatment from both teachers and peers. The pressure to match traditional ideas of masculinity or femininity can negatively impact a student’s confidence, participation, and academic performance.