Stages of Group Counselling

Group counselling typically unfolds through several distinct phases, each with its own characteristics and objectives:

Initial Exploration Phase

At the outset, group members are usually strangers, hesitant to speak, or willing to discuss only surface-level topics. Shyness, fear of judgment, and self-consciousness are common. During this phase, participants are largely self-focused rather than concerned with others. The counsellor’s role is to clarify their own responsibilities as well as those of the group members, while creating an atmosphere of trust and openness.

To facilitate this, the counsellor demonstrates warmth, authenticity, and a non-judgmental attitude, modeling active listening and openness. Members are encouraged to express thoughts and feelings freely. As they observe the counsellor responding constructively to both positive and negative feedback, they gradually learn to give and receive feedback in a healthy, respectful way.

Transition Phase

As the group progresses, members face the challenge of deeper self-disclosure and more meaningful interaction. Although some trust exists, anxiety, ambivalence, and defensiveness often emerge because participants confront uncomfortable emotions. Many fear rejection, ridicule, or criticism from peers or the counsellor.

This stage may also involve tension, conflicts, or struggles for control and influence within the group. Members may challenge one another or even question the counsellor’s leadership. These reactions are forms of resistance, signaling that participants are approaching the core of their issues. Resistance can appear in various ways, such as avoiding sessions, withholding participation, criticizing others, or discussing topics superficially. The counsellor’s task is to guide the group through these conflicts and encourage authentic exploration of feelings.

Working Phase

In this phase, trust and cohesion among members deepen. Participants become more aware of each other’s challenges, are willing to take emotional risks, and offer constructive feedback. Collaboration and support increase, fostering a sense of shared responsibility and confidence.

However, there is a potential risk of creating false cohesion, where members protect one another and suppress negative emotions. The counsellor must encourage honest confrontation and ensure insights gained in the group are translated into practical change. Members start focusing on personal and collective goals, challenging each other constructively and applying lessons learned to real-life situations. The group becomes productive, and dependence on the counsellor diminishes.

Consolidation and Termination Phase

Ending a group is a structured and essential part of the counselling process, not merely stopping sessions. Termination is often planned in advance, and discussions about concluding the group usually begin several sessions before the final meeting.

This allows members to process emotional responses, address unfinished business, and prepare to apply new skills outside the group. Counsellors guide participants in reviewing experiences, integrating changes into daily life, and planning for continued growth. Recommendations may include joining support networks, attending workshops, further reading, or participating in advanced groups to reinforce learning and maintain progress.